• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
  • 权利要求
  • 类似技术
  • 同族专利
  • 引用文献
  • 法律状态
  • 优先权
    • 专利摘要:
    The invention relates to a battery (1), in particular secondary battery, with a plurality of in a frame or housing (2) arranged battery cells (5), wherein at least two adjacent battery cells by a - preferably intumeszentes - protective material (6) thermally from a predetermined temperature are isolable. In order to prevent infection of adjacent harmless battery cells (5b) during a thermal run through of a defective battery cell (5a), it is provided that at least two battery cells (5) arranged in a stacked manner in at least one cell stack (3) in a stacking direction (4) in the stacking direction (FIG. 4) are arranged displaceably in the frame or housing (2) and the protective material (6) is arranged at least between two battery cells (5) adjacent in the stacking direction (4) so that the two adjacent battery cells (5) are protected by the protective material (6). in the stacking direction (4) away from each other in a fire protection position are displaced.
    公开号:AT518161A4
    申请号:T50113/2016
    申请日:2016-02-19
    公开日:2017-08-15
    发明作者:-Ing Andreas Koenekamp Dr；Scheel Alexander；Leoni Manuela；Schmidt Adrian；Wagner Eduard；Schwane Martin；Musial Andreas
    申请人:Avl List Gmbh；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    The invention relates to a battery, in particular secondary battery, with a plurality of arranged in a frame or housing battery cells, wherein at least two adjacent battery cells are thermally insulated by a - preferably intumeszentes - protective material from a predetermined temperature. Furthermore, the invention relates to a method for deactivating a battery having a plurality of arranged in a frame or housing battery cells in case of damage, wherein at least two adjacent battery cells are thermally insulated by a - preferably intumeszentes - protective material from a predetermined temperature.
    Rechargeable batteries having a plurality of battery cells are used, for example, for driving motor vehicles. Since a voltage is applied to the battery in the unused state, in the event of a fault, dangers to man and the environment may arise, since uncontrolled energy, for example in the form of electricity, voltage or heat, can be released.
    If, for example, in a lithium-ion battery with liquid or bound electrolyte (lithium polymer accumulator), a local short circuit of the internal cell contacts, for example by contamination of the separator by an enclosed foreign particle or mechanical damage, the short-circuit current through the Internal resistance to heat the surrounding area of the damaged area so far that the surrounding areas are also affected. In this case, neighboring battery cells of a faulty so-called infected battery cell can be heated in such a way that the so-called thermal runaway occurs.This thermal runaway is an unstoppable chemical process and leads to the destruction of the infected cells.The energy stored in the accumulator becomes The infected battery cell can heat up to temperatures of up to 800 ° C. Through the heat transfer, which usually takes place via the cell side surfaces and via the cell contacts (anode and cathode), the heat can then be transferred to neighboring cells and trigger a thermal runaway on them, creating a so-called "domino effect" that can destroy all battery cells in the battery.
    Especially in the case of lithium-ion batteries, this chain reaction is favored by the oxygen content of the air as soon as electrolyte leaking through the cell valve reacts with oxygen. In the battery cell, dendrite formation causes an internal short circuit that causes the boiling point to be exceeded. The molten substances are very reactive and highly flammable. Therefore, it can quickly come to an explosive thermal runaway.
    From US 7,781,097 B2 a device for preventing thermal runaway in a battery is known. It is proposed to apply a layer of intumescent material on the outer surfaces of the cells. In the case of a thermal runaway, the intumescent material inflates from a certain activation temperature and is displaced in existing spaces between the cells, forming an insulating layer.
    Furthermore, from US 2015/0325826 Al a similar battery for a hand tool is known, wherein at least one battery cell is formed as an isolation battery cell and is provided with a intumescent material having fire protection jacket.
    Both in US Pat. No. 7,781,097 B2 and in US 2015/0325826 A1, the intumescent material is displaced into existing cavities between the battery cells due to an increase in volume due to an increase in volume at a given temperature.
    Current battery systems are often constructed from pouch cells for better efficiency. These are usually arranged directly next to one another and usually separated from one another only by a thin insulating film, as a result of which the concept known from US Pat. No. 7,781,097 B2 or US 2015/0325826 A1 is not directly applicable. In batteries with plate-shaped cells or pouch cells, there is usually no cavity in which the intumescent protective material could spread with foaming. In addition, the cell contacts are made of materials which have a high thermal conductivity. Therefore, when the battery runs through thermally, a considerable amount of heat can flow via the cell contacts from the infected cell into the neighboring cell, thereby continuing the thermal chain reaction.
    The object of the invention is to avoid these disadvantages and to avoid infection of adjacent battery cells in a thermal run through a defective battery cell.
    According to the invention, this is achieved in that at least two battery cells arranged in a stacked direction in at least one cell stack are displaceably arranged in a housing or frame in the stacking direction, and a protective material is arranged at least between two adjacent battery cells in the stacking direction, so that from a predetermined Temperature two adjacent battery cells through the protective material, away from one another in the stacking direction, are displaceable in a fire protection position.
    From a predetermined temperature, two adjoining battery cells are pushed away from one another in a fire protection position by the swelling pressure arising in the case of an increase in volume of the intumescent protective material in the stacking direction, whereby the two adjoining battery cells are thermally separated from one another. Accordingly, an isolation zone is actively created in that the distance between the infected battery cell and the respective adjacent battery cell is increased by the inflation pressure of the intumescent protective material. At the same time, a thermal insulation layer is formed by the intumescent material between the infected battery cell and the adjacent battery cell.
    During thermal run through a battery cell so the two adjacent battery cells are pushed away from each other by the intumescent protective material, and thus the distance between these two battery cells increased so much that virtually no thermal bridges between the battery cells are more available.
    In this case, each battery cell or at least one battery cell in a cell stack completely or at least partially surrounded by the intumescent protective material having a fire wall, preferably the fire wall is arranged as a fire protection layer, fire protection tape or fire wall on or on at least one battery cell. In a minimal variant it can be provided that the intumescent protective material is arranged only in a partial area between two adjacent secondary batteries. It can also be a combination of the intumescent
    Protective material and one or more other thermal insulation layers such as glass fiber mats are realized with each other Wärmeleitkoeffizienten.
    In an alternative embodiment, it is provided that the intumescent protective material is introduced by a blowing agent from the predetermined temperature between at least two battery cells, wherein preferably the intumescent protective material is part of a fire protection or extinguishing agent.
    Since anode and cathode of adjacent battery cells are usually electrically connected by cell contacts and thus have a high thermal conductivity, it is advantageous if the two adjacent battery cells are separated both thermally and electrically in the fire protection position. This ensures that the thermal bridge between two adjacent battery cells is completely separated and thermal runaway is prevented.
    To accomplish this is provided in a preferred embodiment of the invention that the battery has at least one release means for electrical separation of at least one electrical connection between two adjacent battery cells, wherein preferably a predetermined breaking point in the electrical connection between the two adjacent battery cells is arranged. About this breaking point in the electrical connection between two adjacent battery cells, the thermal bridge formed by the cell contacts of the battery cells can be destroyed.
    In an embodiment variant according to the invention, it is provided that at least one release agent is formed by, for example, an aluminothermic mixture, the electrical separation in this case taking place by means of a thermite reaction on at least one electrical connection between two adjacent battery cells. In the course of manufacturing the battery, for example, a fire powder formed by an aluminothermic mixture is applied as a thin coating strip to a cell contact. The firing powder burns from a predetermined ignition temperature on the cell contact and thus interrupts the thermal and electrical connection of the cell contacts.
    Alternatively or additionally, it may be provided that at least one release agent is formed by an electrically conductive adhesive or solder between the cell contacts of two adjacent battery cells, which is designed to the electrical connection between the cell contacts from a defined temperature or a defined tensile or shear stress to interrupt the cell contacts of adjacent battery cells. Upon displacement of two adjacent battery cells thus the connection between the adhesive or solder and the cell contacts, or the adhesive or solder itself, mechanically broken.
    Furthermore, it may alternatively or additionally be provided that a bimetal is applied to the anode or cathode of the cell contact, which bends the cell contact above a certain activation temperature and thus interrupts the electrical connection.
    Furthermore, alternatively or additionally, it can be provided that at least one separating means is formed by a mechanical separating device which, when at least one battery cell is displaced into the fire protection position, cuts through at least one electrode of the battery cell. The mechanical separating device is in a preferred embodiment firmly connected to the housing or the frame of the battery and may be formed by a cutting tool having at least one cutting edge whose cutting direction is formed substantially parallel to the stacking direction.
    Of course, a combination of different release agents is possible and advantageous to increase the security in case of damage.
    Due to the special use of the intumescent protective material in combination with at least one blade attached to the cell frame or housing, the transmission of the heat from the defective battery cell to the adjacent battery cell via the cell contacts can be effectively prevented. In normal operation of the battery, the electrical conductivity of the cell contacts is not affected because the cutting edge is arranged at a defined minimum distance from the cell contacts and thus does not normally come into contact with the cell contacts. Since no external trigger mechanism is required for the separator, thus, such a source of error is excluded.
    The invention is particularly advantageous for batteries in which the battery cells are formed by flat cells or pouch cells, the use of course is not limited to these battery cell types.
    In contrast to the known state of the art, no initial clearances between the battery cells are required, which brings an advantage with respect to the battery package by saving space. Initial free spaces between the battery cells would even be counterproductive, since the battery according to the invention exploits the fact that the intumescent protective material inflates from a predetermined activation temperature and actively expands the neighboring harmless battery cells of the thermally continuous infected battery cell by the inflation pressure and thus one through the protective material and / or air at least partially filled free space generated only, which represents a particularly effective thermal insulation between the battery cells.
    Flat cells are battery cells whose depth is less than their width and height. In this case, the flat cell may have at least one flat surface. Pouch cells are battery cells whose cell housings, in contrast to flat cells, are not rigid, but are formed by a film which is mostly based on aluminum, by means of which a light and flexible design can be realized.
    The fire protection jacket may be formed by a tape, a mat, or an applied layer of protective material.
    At least part of the fire protection jacket is located between two battery cells designed as flat cells or pouch cells.
    An intumescent material is a material which, at a certain temperature, increases its volume by applying a specific inflation pressure and, for example, swells or swells, such as expanded graphite. Intumescent material is fire retardant and able to absorb at least some of the thermal energy that occurs in its environment.
    The predetermined temperature is preferably above the operating temperature of that battery cell in the battery, which has the highest operating temperature. Conveniently, the predetermined temperature is below a
    Temperature at which one of the adjacent battery cells in the battery could be damaged.
    Conveniently, the protective material at the predetermined temperature is adapted to reduce the spread of heat energy, preferably to prevent or possibly also to absorb heat. Preferably, the protective material is designed such that it can be adapted to the shape of the battery cell well and so the battery cell can be ideally exploited. Expediently, the protective material is arranged in the cell stack in such a way that it does not disturb the regular operation and becomes active and preventive only in the event of a fault.
    The invention is explained in more detail below with reference to the non-limiting exemplary embodiments illustrated in the figures.
    In it show schematically:
    1a shows a cell stack of battery cells of a battery according to the invention before a displacement of the battery cells in the fire protection position.
    Fig. Lb this cell stack after the displacement of the battery cells in the fire protection position;
    FIG. 2 shows a cell stack of battery cells of this battery during overheating of a battery cell; FIG.
    3a cell contacts of two adjacent battery cells of the battery according to the invention with a release agent in a first embodiment before a shift of the battery cells in the fire protection position,
    3b shows these cell contacts after a displacement of the battery cells in the fire protection position,
    4a cell contacts of two adjacent battery cells of the battery according to the invention with a release agent in a second embodiment before a shift of the battery cells in the fire protection position,
    4b, these cell contacts after a shift of the battery cells in the fire protection position,
    5a cell contacts of two adjacent battery cells of the battery according to the invention with a release agent in a third embodiment before a displacement of the battery cells in the fire protection position,
    5b, these cell contacts after a displacement of the battery cells in the fire protection position,
    6a cell contacts of two adjacent battery cells of the battery according to the invention with a release agent in a fourth embodiment before a displacement of the battery cells in the fire protection position, and
    Fig. 6b, these cell contacts after a shift of the battery cells in the fire protection position.
    The battery 1 - for example, a secondary battery, such as a lithium-ion battery - has a housing 2 with a plurality of arranged in at least one cell stack 3 in a stacking direction 4 juxtaposed battery cells 5. Between the adjacent battery cells 5 an intumescent protective material 6 is arranged. This intumescent protective material 6 may for example be part of a fire protection jacket which surrounds the battery cells 5 partially or completely. The fire protection casing is designed, for example, as a fire protection layer, fire protection strip or fire protection mat and arranged at least between two adjacent battery cells 5. As an alternative or in addition to a fire protection casing, the intumescent protective material 6 may also be injected or blown in between the adjacent battery cells 5 only in the event of damage by means of a propellant, the propellant being activated at a defined temperature.
    In order to avoid a thermal runaway in the event of damage to a battery cell 5 ("infected battery cell 5a"), the infected battery cell 5a and the adjacent harmless battery cells 5b within the cell stack 3 are relatively displaced away from each other, so that a distance a is formed between the harmless battery cells 5b and the infected battery cell 5a, as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. The displacement effect is realized by the increase in volume starting from a certain temperature of the intumescent protective material 6 between the infected battery cell 5a and the adjacent harmless battery cell 5b. The increase in volume is effected in this case by the foaming of the intumescent protective material 6 above a predetermined temperature (for example <200 ° C.).
    In Fig. La while the state before the shift and in Fig. Lb the state after the displacement of the battery cells 5 is shown in a fire protection position.
    By this displacement of the infected battery cell 5a in a fire protection position thus creates a free space 14 to the infected battery cell 5a, whereby the thermal contact between the mutually facing end faces of adjacent cells 5a, 5b is interrupted. In the end regions of the cell stack 3, the battery cells 5 are held by compression pads 7 (compression pads) in the housing 2 of the battery 1 and pressed together. The displacement is provided for example by this compression pad 7. Adjacent secondary cells 5 are usually electrically connected to each other by cell contacts 7. In the event of damage, relatively large amounts of heat can also be transmitted via these cell contacts 7, which can promote thermal runaway. Even relatively low temperatures (with lithium-ion cells, for example, below 200 ° C.) can lead to thermal runaway.
    To avoid this, it can be provided that in case of damage, the infected battery cell 5a of harmless battery cells 5b are not only thermally but also electrically separated, for example, the cell contacts 7 can be designed with predetermined breaking points 8, which break at a relative displacement movement of adjacent battery cells 5 and divide into contact parts 7a and 7b, thereby breaking the electrical connection. Thus, the thermal connection between the cell contacts 7 is prevented.
    In order to ensure a safe separation of the electrical connection in the event of damage, it is advantageous if a separating means 9 is used in the region of the predetermined breaking point 8 (FIGS. 3 to 5).
    3a and 3b show cell contacts 7 for the electrical connection of two adjacent battery cells 5, wherein the separating means 9 is formed by an aluminothermic mixture 10. The electrical separation is effected by a Thermitreaktion to the cell contacts 7 in the region of the predetermined breaking point 8. Here, for example, a powdered aluminothermic mixture 10 of aluminum powder and iron oxide powder is applied as a thin strip on the cell contact 7 in the region of the predetermined breaking point 8. Upon reaching or exceeding a predetermined ignition temperature of the aluminothermic mixture 10, this burns the cell contact 7. In Fig. 3a, the state before the electrical separation and in Fig. 3b, the state after the separation is shown.
    In the embodiment variant shown in FIGS. 4 a and 4 b, the separating means 9 is formed by an electrically conductive solder or adhesive 11 between the contact parts 7 a, 7 b of two adjacent battery cells 5. From a defined temperature and / or a defined tensile or shear stress between the contact parts 7a, 7b breaks the solder or adhesive 11 and thus interrupts the electrical connection of the cell contacts 7. In Fig. 4a, the state before the electrical separation and in Fig. 4b shows the state after the separation.
    5a and 5b show in a further variant of the invention, the cell contacts 7 for the electrical connection of two adjacent battery cells 5, wherein the separating means 9 is formed here as a mechanical separator 12, which at least one battery cell 5 in the fire protection position at least one cell contact when moving 7 a battery cell 5 severed. The mechanical separating device 12 is firmly connected to the housing 2 or the frame of the battery 1 and has at least one cutting tool 13 with a cutting edge 13a, whose indicated by arrow S cutting direction is substantially parallel to the stacking direction 4 of the cell stack 3. In Fig. 5a, the state before the electrical separation and in Fig. 5b, the state during or after the separation is shown, wherein the intact state of the cell contact 7 is indicated by dashed lines. If, in the case of thermal runaway, the adjacent harmless battery cell 5b moves away from the infected battery cell 5a as a result of the use of intumescent protective material 6 as an intermediate layer, the cell contact 7 is severed at the cutting edge 13a and the heat path is interrupted. Trigger for this system is thus the displacement of adjacent battery cells 5, which is why no separate release mechanism is needed.
    6a and 6b show a variant in which the separating means 9 is formed by a bimetal 14 on at least the anode and / or the cathode of the cell contact 7, wherein the electrical separation takes place by bending the bimetal 14 from a defined temperature. In Fig. 6a, the state before the electrical separation and in Fig. 6b, the state after the separation is shown. Dashed lines in Fig. 6b of the intact condition of the cell contact 7 is shown.
    权利要求:
    Claims (13)
    [1]
    1. Battery (1), in particular secondary battery, with a plurality of in a frame or housing (2) arranged battery cells (5), wherein at least two adjacent battery cells by a - preferably intumeszentes-protective material (6) are thermally isolatable from a predetermined temperature , characterized in that at least two in at least one cell stack (3) arranged in a stacking direction (4) arranged battery cells (5) in the stacking direction (4) displaceable in the frame or housing (2) and the protective material (6) at least between two in the stacking direction (4) adjacent battery cells (5) is arranged so that from the predetermined temperature, the two adjacent battery cells (5) by the protective material (6) in the stacking direction (4) away from each other, are displaced into a fire protection position.
    [2]
    2. Battery (1) according to claim 1, characterized in that in the fire protection position, the two adjacent battery cells (5) are thermally separated from each other.
    [3]
    3. Battery (1) according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the battery (1) has at least one release means (9) for the electrical separation of at least one electrical connection between two adjacent battery cells (5).
    [4]
    4. Battery (1) according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that the at least one electrical connection between two adjacent battery cells (5) has at least one predetermined breaking point (8) in the electrical connection between the two adjacent battery cells (5).
    [5]
    5. Battery (1) according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that at least one release agent (9) by an aluminothermic mixture (10) is formed, wherein the electrical separation by a Thermitreaktion on at least one electrical connection between two adjacent battery cells (5).
    [6]
    6. Battery (1) according to any one of claims 3 to 5, characterized in that at least one release agent (9) by an electrically conductive solder or adhesive (11) between the cell contacts (7) of two adjacent battery cells (5) is formed, wherein the electrical separation takes place at a defined temperature and / or a defined tensile or shear stress between the cell contacts (7).
    [7]
    7. Battery (1) according to one of claims 3 to 6, characterized in that at least one separating means (9) by a bimetallic strip (14) on at least the anode and / or the cathode of the cell contact (7) is formed, wherein the electrical Separation by a bending of the bimetal (14) takes place from a defined temperature.
    [8]
    8. Battery (1) according to one of claims 3 to 7, characterized in that at least one separating means (9) by a mechanical separating device (12) is formed, wherein the electrical separation by the displacement of at least one battery cell (5) in the fire protection position takes place and at least one cell contact (7) of the battery cell (5) severed.
    [9]
    9. Battery (1) according to claim 8, characterized in that the mechanical separating device (12) fixed to the frame or housing (2) of the battery (1) is connected.
    [10]
    10. Battery (1) according to claim 8 or 9, characterized in that the mechanical separating device (12) by at least one cutting edge (13 a) exhibiting cutting tool (13) is formed, the cutting direction (S) substantially parallel to the stacking direction (4 ) is trained.
    [11]
    11. Battery (1) according to one of claims 1 to 10, characterized in that at least one battery cell (5) is at least partially surrounded by a intumescent protective material (6) having fire protection jacket, wherein preferably the fire wall as fire protection layer, fire protection tape or fire protection mat on or is arranged on at least one battery cell (5).
    [12]
    12. Battery (1) according to one of claims 1 to 11, characterized in that the battery cells (5) are formed by pouch cells.
    [13]
    13. Method for deactivating a battery (1) having a plurality of battery cells (1) arranged in a frame or housing (2) - in particular a secondary battery - in a case of damage, wherein at least two adjacent battery cells (5) are protected by - preferably intumescent protective material (6) thermally insulated from a predetermined temperature, according to one of claims 1 to 12, characterized in that from a predetermined temperature two adjacent battery cells (5) by the protective material (6) - preferably by increasing the volume of the protective material (6) - Stacking direction of the battery cells (5) are pushed away from one another in a fire protection position, wherein the two adjacent battery cells (5) thermally, and preferably also electrically, are separated from each other.
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    引用文献:
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    CN110251875B|2019-05-30|2020-08-21|力帆实业股份有限公司|Fire fighting method based on new energy automobile battery partition management|
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    法律状态:
    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    ATA50113/2016A|AT518161B1|2016-02-19|2016-02-19|BATTERY|ATA50113/2016A| AT518161B1|2016-02-19|2016-02-19|BATTERY|
    PCT/AT2017/060034| WO2017139826A1|2016-02-19|2017-02-20|Battery|
    DE112017000254.0T| DE112017000254A5|2016-02-19|2017-02-20|battery|
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